Come hai visto lo scartamento ferroviario normale deriva direttamente dall’antica Roma.
La storia evolutiva della ferrovia non è così banale come potrebbe esserti sembrata nell’articolo precedente.
L’affermarsi e il diffondersi della ferrovia fu una logica conseguenza dell’evoluzione subita dalla strada ferrata e dalla trazione meccanica.
Già alla fine del secolo diciassettesimo, a seguito della rivoluzione industriale, era diffuso nelle miniere inglesi di carbone fossile l’impiego di rotaie cave di legno per facilitare lo scorrimento dei vagoncini trainati da cavalli. Con questo espediente un solo animale ne trainava più di uno alla volta. Tali rotaie utilizzavano principalmente il sistema romano in modo che era possibile far circolare i vagoncini anche fuori dalle miniere su strade normali, grazie all’analogia con le scanalature stradali, per trasportare il carbone ai porti.
In realtà ogni miniera possedeva i binari a seconda dei veicoli che erano a disposizione e alla larghezza delle gallerie, per questo all’inizio vi era una moltitudine di scartamenti che andavano, in misure inglesi, dai tre piedi ai quattro piedi ed otto pollici e mezzo.
Successivamente si pensò di foderare il canale di legno con lamiere metalliche per diminuirne l’usura e fiancheggiato con tavole per impedire alle ruote di scostarsi dal piano di scorrimento. In questa fase infatti la rotaia era semplicemente un solco rinforzato per evitare lo sprofondamento delle ruote in suoli incoerenti.
Intorno al 1760 l’industria siderurgica inglese subì una grave crisi di sovrapproduzione, il prezzo del ferro si ridusse notevolmente accelerando la sostituzione delle rotaie in legno con quelle in ferro, passando inoltre, in un momento successivo, dalle rotaie incassate a U alle rotaie sopraelevate.
Con la realizzazione di rotaie sopraelevate dal suolo, ed interamente metalliche, fu necessario creare un ritegno affinché la ruota restasse sulla rotaia anche in presenza di sforzi trasversali notevoli e furono tentate tutte le soluzioni, doppio bordino, bordino esterno o interno. L’uso di rotaie metalliche per ruote con bordino avvenne inizialmente sempre in miniera.
Grazie al materiale resistente e alla stabilità data dal bordino, si favorì la diffusione di strade ferrate fuori dalle miniere per convogliare il minerale delle miniere ai centri di raccolta.
La praticità di tali vie portò, nel 1803, a realizzare una strada pubblica con rotaie in ferro (la Survey Iron Railway tra Wandsworth e Croydon) la quale permetteva il transito dello stesso carro, senza problemi, sia su via guidata che su strada normale, grazie al fatto che le ruote avevano identico scartamento.
Però la potenza dei mezzi di trazione impiegati, cioè i cavalli, era molto bassa, per cui venne studiata la possibilità di utilizzare la macchina a vapore ideata da James Watt. I primi esperimenti condotti da James Watt e William Murdock ebbero scarso successo in quanto le macchine (praticamente una caldaia montata su quattro ruote di cui una sola motrice) slittavano, per il basso peso, sulle rotaie.
Maggior successo ottenne l’inglese Richard Trevithick che nel 1804 realizzò una locomotiva (Tram-Waggon) abbastanza pesante per trainare un carico di oltre 10 tonnellate a circa 8 km/h.
Nel 1825 viene costruito un primo tratto di ferrovia, ad opera di George Stephenson, tra le due piccole città inglesi di Darlington e Stoctkon, con scartamento di quattro piedi e otto pollici e mezzo, per il trasporto di solo merci integrando la scarsa forza di traino della macchina a vapore con quella dei cavalli da tiro.
Visti gli enormi interessi industriali per l’epoca, nel 1829 viene bandita una gara per la costruzione delle locomotive per la prima vera e propria ferrovia pubblica, in grado di trasportare anche passeggeri, mossa esclusivamente da locomotive a vapore. Sto parlando della Liverpool-Manchester, aperta nel 1830.
A vincerla è George Stephenson con la sua Rocket che sbaragliò gli avversari.
La Rocket era una locomotiva che adottava un nuovo sistema caldaia-scappamento che permettevano alla macchina di fornire maggiore potenza e soprattutto miglior rendimento.
L’Inghilterra, all’avanguardia nel campo ferroviario, vide superare per la prima volta la velocità di 100 km/h nel 1835 sulla linea Manchester-Liverpool.
Ormai, vista la potenza e la velocità, non era più possibile usare sui binari le normali carrozze stradali trainate da cavalli.
Quindi si pensò di diversificare lo scartamento. La Great Western Railway iniziò a costruire ferrovie con scartamento di 2140 millimetri, tale da permettere, con una spesa solo leggermente maggiore, una capacità di carico assai superiore.
L’insuccesso dello scartamento largo della Great Western Railway fu determinato tuttavia dalla necessità di trasbordare le merci nei punti di incontro fra scartamento largo e normale. Quest’ultimo si era ormai enormemente diffuso e fu scelto come standard nel 1845 da una commissione parlamentare inglese, che ne raccomandò l’adozione per le linee ferroviarie in costruzione.
La Great Western Railway fu obbligata a trasformare le sue linee in quelle a scartamento normale. In realtà lo scartamento più largo è ancora presente in sistemi isolati, come l’India, ex colonia inglese.
Inoltre la scelta della misura standard di 1435 millimetri si rivelò un buon compromesso nell’applicazione della tecnologia ferroviaria, consentendo di raggiungere una buona velocità in rettilineo con la tecnologia dell’epoca e contemporaneamente non doverla abbassare troppo per la presenza di curve nelle zone di montagna o con tracciato tortuoso.
La ferrovia e la macchina a vapore si diffusero rapidamente in quasi tutta Europa e in Nord America. Poiché molte nazioni utilizzavano materiale rotabile spedito dall’Inghilterra di conseguenza dovettero adottare anche lo scartamento standard per le loro rotaie, non senza difficoltà, ma facilitando in questo modo il trasporto di beni e persone e lo sviluppo di nuove iniziative industriali.
I timori nazionalistici di alcune grandi nazioni, all’epoca dell’installazione dei sistemi ferroviari, evidenziarono il fatto che uno standard ferroviario così unificato potesse costituire una agevole via di penetrazione ed invasione in caso di guerra. Infatti la Spagna scelse deliberatamente uno scartamento diverso, di 1,676 metri, per difendersi da eventuali invasioni francesi.
Questo non fu l’unico motivo della scelta: si credette, usando uno scartamento maggiore di quello normale, di poter costruire su tale base treni più grandi e più potenti, un po’ come successe in Inghilterra.
Invece lo scartamento russo, che è di 1,520 metri, non fu ispirato, a quanto pare, da considerazioni strategiche, ma dalle scelte dell’incaricato dello Zar e per errori di coordinamento nella progettazione.
In altri paesi è invece presente lo scartamento ridotto che permette di effettuare curve con raggio inferiore rispetto allo scartamento standard e pertanto facilita la costruzione di ferrovie con percorsi tortuosi.
Inoltre ha spazi accessori, come gli scambi, più ristretti e ha bisogno di spazi minori per il suo impianto rendendolo sostanzialmente più economico. Di contro rende il raggiungimento di velocità elevate più critico.
Possiamo dire che, nella storia, lo scartamento utilizzato rimase quello normale anche grazie alla pigrizia di non voler stravolgere le vecchie abitudini?
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